The Human Body System

A number of organs in the body that functions in a coordinated manner form a system. For example, the heart, arteries, capillaries and veins constitute the circulatory system. The human body is functioning properly due to the coordinated action of various systems given below:

1. Skeletal system
2. Circulatory system
3. Respiratory system
4. Digestive system

Skeletal System:

The main purpose of the skeletal system is to provide mechanical stability for the body, to protect the delicate organs and to serve as an anchorage for the muscles in order to make possible through liver action. The skeleton also serves as a reservoir for calcium and phosphorous and contains the bone marrow in which blood cells are formed. The skeleton consists of 206 bones. The skeletal bones are completely enclosed by a membrane called periosteum, from which a new bone is formed in the healing of fractures.

Circulatory System:

The circulatory system is a type of transport system. The circulatory system helps in supplying the oxygen and digested food to different parts of our body and removing Carbon-Di-Oxide from the blood. The heart is the centre of the circulatory system. The heart is made up of muscles. It acts as a pump. The heart pumps blood by a movement called heart-beating. The heart pumps the blood through the pulmonary circulation to the lungs and through the systematic circulation to other organs of the body.

Respiratory System:

The respiratory system is concerned with breathing and respiration. It main organs are the lungs. The respiratory system starts from the nose and end of the lungs. We breathe through our nose. The nose has a cavity which leads to the wind-pipe. This is known as the nasal cavity. The nasal cavity contains some hair at the opening. These hairs filter dirt particles as the air passes through the nose. The nasal cavity is also wet at the back. So when we breath through the nose we inhale air that is free from dirt. ‘Breathing in’ is called as inspiration and ‘breathing out’ is called as expiration.

Digestive System:

The digestive system is responsible for digesting the food one eats. In the digestive system the food is disintegrated chemically so that it can be absorbed. The digestive system is in the form of a long tube consists of the mouth at its upper end and the anus at its lower orifice and the food is advanced by peristaltic movements produced by automatic rhythmic contractions of the smooth muscles present throughout the wall of the digestive tract.

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The cardiovascular system features the heart, the blood and the blood vessels. The heart pumps blood, and the blood vessels channel and supply it across the body. Blood vessels are of three forms. The first type i.e. arteries carry blood filled up with nutrients away from the heart to all regions of the body. The blood is usually compared to a river, but the arteries are more like a river in invert. Arteries are thick-walled tubes with a spherical overlaying of yellow, elastic fibers, which possess a stuffing of muscle that absorbs the fantastic stress wave of a heartbeat and slows the blood down. This pressure can be experienced in the arm and wrist. In the end arteries separate into smaller arterioles and then into even smaller capillaries, the tiniest of all blood vessels, which make the second type of blood vessels.

One arteriole can deliver a hundred capillaries. Here, in each tissue of every organ, blood’s work is done when it gives up what the cells demand and removes the waste products that they don’t want. Now the river consideration really does apply. Capillaries join together to form small veins, the third type of blood vessels, which flow into much bigger major veins, and these deliver deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Veins, contrary to arteries, have thinner, slack walls, because the blood has lost the pressure which forced it out of the heart, so the dark, reddish-blue blood which runs through the veins on its way to the lungs oozes along very slowly on its way to be oxygenated. Back at the heart, the veins enter a particular vessel, called the pulmonary arteries, into the wall at right area of the heart. It streams along the pulmonary arteries to the lungs to get oxygen, then back to the heart’s left side to begin its voyage all-around the body once more.

The heart itself is tough muscular pumping organ that has of four chambers. It is very tough and hardly rests throughout the existence of individuals. Microscopically, the heart is made of special type of muscle fibers that are distinctive from all the muscle fibers observed in the body. These muscle fibers are known as cardiac muscles. The cardiac muscle makes the mass of the heart. On a larger point, the heart can be taken into consideration as consisting of three layers. The outermost layer is known as epicardium. The middle layer is the myocardium and the innermost layer is the endocardium.

Blood is a distinct form of tissue that is in fluid form. It is composed of two important elements: plasma and formed elements. Plasma makes about 55% of blood and significant segment of it is water. It also incorporates some significant proteins. The formed elements make about 45% of the blood. Three important types of cells make this percentage of the blood. These cells are Red blood cells, White blood cells and Platelets.

Cardiovascular system is a particularly fundamental system of human body. Without a functioning cardiovascular system, human body can’t carry on more than a minute or two. Heart, the most fundamental organ of human body after brain, is the principal part of this system. A nutritious heart makes certain a healthy cardiovascular system which in turn makes certain a healthy life. It is worthy of talking about here that according to CDC, the number one reason behind deaths in United States is heart diseases.

For more information on human cardiovascular system, visit the links below:
Human Cardiovascular System
Anatomy of human heart

The digestive and excretory systems are subsystems of human body and are connected to each other. The digestive system is responsible for providing fuel required for the proper working of human body whereas excretory system manages and removes the waste out of human body. The description for the working of digestive system and excretory system is as follow:
Human Digestive system

The human digestive system is constructed of hollow tube like organs. You may wonder to know that if you place digestive system parts one after the other, the formation will be 9 meter long!

It is hunger or thirst that directs us to eat some food or drink any liquid (in most cases it is water). As soon as we put the food in our mouth and start chewing it the process of digestion begins. Chewing is very important in digestion process. Properly chewed food decreases the stress on other involved organs like esophagus. Chewing is also an indicator for other parts that food is coming and release of hydrochloric acid is triggered. The chewed food is swallowed and moved into the esophagus, a muscular tube connecting throat and stomach. At this step the process of digestion becomes automatic. Esophagus takes the food from throat to the stomach entrance.

Near stomach there is a muscular ring which acts as valve and keeps the entrance from Esophagus to stomach close. But when food reaches near the stomach muscles relaxed and food enters into the stomach. The top muscle of stomach is relaxed so that large amounts of food and liquids can be stored into the stomach. The function of the lower stomach is to mix the food and liquids with the digestive juices produced by stomach. This is done by altering muscle tension. After mixing all the contents the mixed material is forced to move into small intestine again by muscle movement.

In small intestine food is further broken down into smaller molecules. This is done with the help of enzymes produced by pancreas and small intestine. The small intestine is very important organ as it absorbs fat and nutrients necessary for the cell growth and to produce other forms of energy for body functioning.

In the last of digestion process, after the nutrients are absorbed by the walls of intestine from the food mixture, what remains of the food is called waste. Waste produced during the digestion process contains unused parts and fiber.

Excretory System

Both, the digestive system and excretory system, work together and interact with each other through nervous system. Excretory system is as necessary as digestive system. Unusable materials and fiber remains of digestion process are very dangerous for human body. In absence of excretory system our bodies would be filled with poisonous materials like Nitrogen which is produced after protein metabolism.

Working of Excretory system: Excretory system comes into frame after the completion of digestion system. It deals with solid waste and liquid waste separately. After small intestine the food is moved into large intestine. Here some liquids and electrolytes are removed from the remains and can be counted in digestion process. There are many types of bacteria that help in further digestion of these remains. The Food remains that couldn’t be utilized are moved into descending colon and then to sigmoid colon. When colon gets filled muscles force the waste to travel towards the rectum unit. Then solid waste is gathered in rectum and finally moved out excreted through the anus. This is what is called nature call.

Excretion process of liquid waste can be understood by knowing the functions of involved organs and parts. The following are the parts and their functioning in the same order they take part in the process:

The following are the organs and their function in Excretory System:

Solid waste

Aorta – Aorta provides a pathway for blood to reach kidneys and other body parts.

Kidneys: The kidneys filter the blood using nephrons (made up of small filtering units) for liquid waste and ureain the form of urine which is stored in bladder.

Bladder – Bladder is a hollow organ found in the lower part of the abdomen kept in place by ligaments attached to other organs. The bladder walls are formed with detrusor muscles. It can increase its volume by expanding its walls. It stores Fluid waste called urine. Detrusor muscles squeeze and the urine out of the body through urethra.

Ureters: There are two ureters in our body. Their function is move the urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

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If you are a high school, college student or someone interested in entering the healthcare field you will need to take an Anatomy and Physiology course. The course is enormous and technical and will require a great deal of your time. My textbook was over 800 pages with multiple photos.

Some survival tips for you would be to:

1. Get organized – keep up with class assignments and study dates.
2. Do not skip these classes like you would English.
3. Prepare before you attend class. Keep up with your reading and studies.
4. Use study guides, the library and even study groups. Do not get behind in your study.
5. This is one subject that you will need to study each day.
6. If you need help then ask for it, you might need a tutor if it becomes overwhelming.
7. Take care of yourself and get plenty of rest.
8. If you need a study tool consider a study guide. Today there are various study guides even those with 2D and 3D illustrations of the human body. These could make learning fun and effective. Usually these guides are broken down into modules where you can take one module at a time so you are organized and efficient in your study.

Make your study time efficient and manageable. If you class has a lecture online then download and print this outline to help you study. Understanding anatomy is very possible, but there is still memorization such as all the bones in the body. It will appear overwhelming, but just take it a chapter at a time. Make flash cards if they help you. Learn the language of anatomy.

If you need direction and organization to keep from getting overwhelmed then consider a human anatomy study guide. I have found that these online guides will get your organized and reduce study time. Taking a college course and paying for a textbook is not cheap, but most study guides are inexpensive and will make easy work of your course, if you will be dedicated in using this supplement.

You can survive the courses and enjoy yourself at the same time if you will utilize all of aids that are available to you today such as 2D and 3D illustrations. There are plenty of tips to studying A&P, but no tricks or secrets. This course will have to be understood, but consider a study guide to help you get organized and gain quick understanding of this enormous subject.

 

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Human Anatomy & Physiology Study Guide Click Here for the official page.

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The human body is complex. Many a time, you might have failed to understand the intricate mechanisms behind its working, as a student, or as a patient when your doctor explained the details to you.

Now, the 3d anatomy of the body provides detailed images that are capable of creating a virtual view that is never seen before. This can disclose the complexity of the vital organs and provide a microscopic view of the cells and tissues. They present an in-depth image of the human structure.

It has come as a blessing for students, teachers, medical professionals, etc. Doctors can make use of it in a great way in dealing with the patients, conducting research, and in performing complex surgeries.

Treatment Made Easy

One of the difficult tasks that medical professionals face during their interaction with patients is making them understand their real problems and convincing them about the diagnosis and treatment. All these have been made easy due to the use of 3d anatomy.

Now, doctors can easily explain the anatomical content of their body to the patients, which is difficult to do using the two-dimensional form of a picture. They use the three-dimensional models on a daily basis to help patients understand the diagnosis and show them the exact location of their problem area.

The visual presentation is also helpful to the patient as it makes him/her less stressful, especially when he/she is not familiar with the intricacies of the human structure.

Helpful In Research

Medical profession is characterized by ongoing research in various areas related to human body that are helpful in dealing in a better manner with health-related issues. The study of anatomy, physiology, and their relationship forms the foundation of medical knowledge.

The 3d anatomy models of skeletons, spines, skulls, head, heart, brain, eyes, ear, nose, throat, joints, skin, lungs, etc, bring hitherto untouched areas for research to the notice of the medical practitioners. This can give a big fillip to the research in the respective fields.

Preparation For Surgeries Made Simple

Preparing for complex surgeries is sometimes a difficult task for doctors. But, now, with the help of the detailing provided by 3d anatomy, they can easily equip themselves for the surgical procedures. Because, the sequences, which can never be experienced with our bare eyes, can be illustrated in the anatomical reproductions. It is also possible to view all parts of the body in intricate detail.

So, your doctor can see what he/she might cut while performing the operation or what tissues he/she is looking for treating a particular condition. This also makes the surgery more successful.

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Discussing a problem or topic in the medical or health community often involves using a variety of instructional methods to get your point across. Modeling is perhaps one of the most widely used methods for talking about the human anatomy because it allows both you and your audience to clearly visualize what is going on with the body’s systems.

When using models, chances are that you have used plenty of two-dimensional models to point to the body and describe problems with it. However, 3ds human modeling often gives you a more effective platform for discussing the human anatomy and its various systems.

Medical Uses of 3D Models

Perhaps one of the biggest reasons why 3ds human models work is because of the three-dimensional nature itself. These kinds of models give you the ability to view the body or parts of it in all different angles. You can use 3d human figures with 360-degree rotations, which allows you to locate even the smallest part of the human body provided that you have a clear and accurate depiction. In general, viewing figures in solid forms which are what 3d human models are as opposed to flat ones enables you to clearly see what you are looking at.

In essence, you can view the human person from the front, rear, and even top and bottom. This 3ds human modeling makes working much easier no matter which type of audience you are presenting to. For example, doctors who use computers in their practice can show patients exactly how the human body works and the processes involved with dysfunctional systems.

Many surgeons may also use human 3d models during medical procedures. These types of procedures that use high-tech software and computer systems that present real, live 3ds human figures show the surgeon where to mark, cut, and operate.

Exciting your Audience using 3D Models

Constructing presentations also becomes easier when using 3ds human models. Medical school professors who make their own lectures and presentations can include anatomy 3d models to help students better understand the human body. Labeling parts of the anatomy is a cinch with human 3d models as you can rotate the model with specialty 3d or presentation software. In addition, three-dimensional figures enhance videos, slide shows, and other multimedia that professors use to teach.

Presenters who are discussing medical topics with other colleagues or who are giving community presentations can also benefit from the 3ds human models. Instead of trying to make your audience understand what you are talking about, a detailed presentation showing anatomy 3d models can help. In this instance, the phrase “a picture is worth a thousand words” stands true as you can perform a number of animations with your presentation to enhance your audience’s understanding of the topic. Presentations that use 3d models make anatomical cause-and-effect situations easier to see as well.

Working with these types of 3ds human models requires you to use a variety of file formats and software programs as well. For example, the.3ds file format is perhaps the most popular of the 3d modeling formats. In addition, converting from one three-dimensional file format to another is quite easy as there is software available that can automatically convert your 3d files to a 3ds format.

As you can see, there is a variety of medical uses for 3ds human models. Whether you want to show how the cardiovascular system operates through a three-dimensional model, display the musculoskeletal system, or simply point out the major parts of the human anatomy using a full-scale person, a digitized 3ds human is beneficial for all of these reasons.

 

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The human body has around 206 bones. (Some people have more, and some people have less…It is true!) In an Osteology class, students are expected to know not only all of them, but their association to each other, and features. Bone features are pits, holes, curves, or anything that allows for the distinction and identification of that specific bone. In my class, I was asked not only to be able to identify all 206 bones, but identify at least 250 features on these bones. By the end of the class, we were expected to be able to identify pieces of bone the size of a thumbnail.

There are some simple tips that can help that I learned very quickly in my class.

The first of these will help with memorization when studying. It is important to remember that the bone must accommodate the rest of the human body. In essence, this means that those defining features are there for a reason. Spines may be used for muscle attachment, foramen (the small holes in the bone) are usually for veins and arteries, and etc. Knowing which bones are used for what purpose can help narrow down what bone that piece might belong to. Another thing that can be helpful is to close your eyes and try and identify the bone by touch.

In identifying if the bone is from the right side of the body or the left side, I memorized (created a mental picture of the bone that I could use) bones from only the right side of the body. This included smaller and incomplete pieces. During a quiz on identifying the side, if it was opposite of my mental picture, it was from the left side. If you have the White Osteology book, all of the images given to you are from the right side.

Finally, it is always useful to try and place the bone on your body. This works very well with teeth. It is also specifically useful with the long bones and facial bones.

I hope this helped with your studying!

One final departing tip. If you have a facial bone and you can’t figure out what it is…it’s most likely a sphenoid.

Extra foot bones?

The truth is, some people do have extra bones in their feet. Most of the time, one would never notice that they had these extra bones present in their feet. Usually smaller than an almond and well hidden in the depth of the foot, these small bones are called accessory ossicles (although sometimes the term sesamoid is confusingly used). These extra bones should not be confused with normal small sesamoid bones that everyone has under the big toe joint. Accessory ossicles are often round or egg shaped, and can be found under toe joints, along the sides and back of the foot, as well as around the ankle. Some people have only one, while others may have many located in either foot. There are about a dozen or so locations in which they can appear. Development of accessory ossicles occurs for a variety of reasons, none of which include cancer. For the most part, these bones are hidden and will cause no symptoms. Occasionally, these bones can be a source of pain depending on their location. For instance, when the bone sits under a toe joint, the added prominence it creates can cause a painful corn or pressure sore to develop. When located on the inside or outside of the foot along a tendon, the presence of the bone can eventually irritate the tendon and create inflammation. This is especially true if the bone sits inside the tendon, as is often the case.

The most common kinds of accessory ossicles that cause pain are found on the inside and outside edges of the foot respectively. The bone on the inside is called an os tibiale externum, while the bone found on the outside of the foot is called an os peroneum. Often hidden under or even within substance of the tendons that surround them, they can potentially be a source of tendonitis as irritation of the nearby tendon is common.

Another commonly painful accessory ossicle can be found under the big toe. Called an os interphalangeus, this bone is located under the big toe joint’s ‘knuckle’ on the bottom of the toe. It often causes a callus to form at this location, and can occasionally be painful. In diabetics this can also cause a wound at the same site. A similar extra bone can be found under any of the other toes, although these tend to be smaller than the one under the big toe.

Yet another accessory ossicle is found behind the ankle. Called the os trigonum, this small bone can often be mistaken for a fracture on x-rays. At times, the bone can irritate a tendon that courses behind and around the ankle, and motion of the ankle can impinge on this bone, causing additional pain.

Treatment for accessory ossicles is fairly simple. If no pain is felt, then treatment is not needed. Simply leaving the bone alone will be sufficient. These extra bones generally do not cause any problems, and the body is quite comfortable with their presence. However, if pain or tendonitis eventually develops, simple steps to reduce the inflammation, like icing, anti-inflammatory medications, and foot support with a temporary brace can help. When these bones are prominent under the skin, care of any corn or callus that develops is helpful. This care can include padding or wider shoes. When pressure sores develop as a result of severe pressure, skin care and protection is vital to prevent more serious problems, such as infection. There does reach a point in which surgery may be needed to extract the extra bone. Chronic pain or pressure sores are a good indication for surgical extraction of accessory ossicles, as well as tendonitis that will not heal with non-surgical measures. When tendons are involved, the tendon will also likely need repair and support during recovery, as some incision into the body of the tendon is needed to ‘shell out’ the bone. The removal of an accessory ossicle usually removes all pain and re-growth of the bone does not occur.

As one can see, accessory ossicles are common in the human foot, and generally are a mere curiosity on an x-ray film. When pain does occur, they are easily removed if padding or a change in shoes does not relieve the symptoms. They are neither cancerous nor do they change the way one walks when no pain is present.

Dr. Kilberg provides compassionate and complete foot and ankle care to adults and children in the Indianapolis area. He is board certified by the American Board of Podiatric Surgery, and is a member of the American Podiatric Medical Association. He enjoys providing comprehensive foot health information to the online community to help the public better understand their feet. Visit his practice website.